The Meaning of Doctrine of the Trinity in Christianity and Islam Essays

THE MEANING OF THE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY IN CHRISTAINITY AND ISLAM The doctrine of the Trinity is one of the most difficult aspects of Christian life. Some people may look at it at a glance, believing that such study will encourage them in their faith and there believes. Others are concerned about the Islamic believe of the doctrine of the Trinity, which make it trinithesim. For a monotheistic religion like Islam, Christian and Hindi, it is both improper and not ideological to believe in any idea of three gods. In Christianity the doctrine of the Trinity accepts that God is one which implies that God, the Son and the Holy Spirit are one, He exists as three persons: Jesus Christ the son revealed himself as the Father in some passage in the Bible, and the Holy Spirit, the bond of love between Jesus and the father. The concept of the holy Trinity for many centuries has serious conflict in defining it from different religions and scholar. Christians believe in the Trinity, and also a Christian believes in God the father God the son and God the holy spirit. Some people may even believe in the wonders of the Holy Spirit. However, if one does not believe in the orthodox concept of the doctrine of Trinity, then that person cannot be regarded as a Christian. Nevertheless, the Trinitarian theology is not easily understood completely. It is one of those mysteries of faith. In Islam the belief that God is one, and oppose the Christians that such a concept is a denial of religion which states that monotheism is the practice of one God. The Quran has repeatedly and affirm that God is one. People of the Book, do not go to excess in your religion, and do not say anything about God except the truth: the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, w... ...vealed in Jesus Christ (Murad). Mohammed is seen as one who wrote down the revelation entrusted to him by angel Gabriel; Jesus is one, who was himself the definitive revelation of God (Murad). Classic Christian theology holds that, as God incarnate, Jesus reveals God and makes restoration to him possible through his saving death and resurrection. The Islamic criticism of the doctrine of Trinity is a more fundamental concern about the identity of Jesus Christ himself (McGrath 204). For many Muslim in the world today, Jesus was a prophet to them and not an incarnate of God as the Christianity believes. The doctrine of Trinity has never been seen as compromising or contradicting the unity of God. The Trinity, to put it as simply as possible, is ultimately the distillation and correlation of the Christian tradition’s immensely rich teaching about the nature of God.

Policy in Theory and Practice

What is the social administrative tradition? Social administration developed when the welfare state was undergoing a period of growth, when there was a high level of optimism about its potential achievements and a high degree of consensus about the fundamentals such as Education, the National Health Services, and public housing. Social administration was concerned with social needs and problems, and with the response to the problems; social policy. It became regarded as the natural provider of welfare, apparently at the expense of others. Social administration is linked to the growth and development of welfare services, which have existed since the turn of the century, but were expanded and consolidated in the 1940s. It adopts a rational approach to solving social problems, which are often thought of as having an objective existence. Social services provided by the state were viewed as the proper method for causing progressive change. Fabianism was a movement designed to promote democratic socialism. The impact of Fabianism, as a coherent set of ideas, held that socialism in Britain was well-matched with the institutions of state and should, therefore, be implemented through a parliamentary system. Supporters of Fabianism wanted to utilise academic knowledge on social problems to create pressure on the state to research and conduct in-depth analysis in order to influence welfare reforms. The ideological and empirical alliances with Fabianism were associated with a concern regarding policy action; specifically what is done by policy action and how it is done, rather than why this is done. Two hugely prominent members of the Fabian Society were Sydney and Beatrice Webb. This couple believed that collective provision for welfare through the state was essential in order to develop a British capitalist society. Social policy in Britain became more concerned with the practical issues of education for experimental research on recognized problems – social administration tradition. During the decades of the 1960’s and 1970’s the view of Social administration as social policy became discredited, and since then a more holistic approach to social policy developed. What is meant by liberal welfarism? Liberalism welfarism is about protection of the individual in terms of freedom, markets and kind limits the state. Welfare in liberal philosophy is not something that is provided but something that is achieved and developed through the free and independent actions of a free will. The welfare of each individual promotes the well-being of the entire society by increasing the sum total of freedom in which its members live. Liberalism promotes equality of opportunities that is rooted in an inequality of outcomes. Freedom is intrinsically linked to responsibility, so as the state takes over in the role of providing welfare for the population a diminished freedom also means diminished individual responsibility. This is damaging to society, and in order to minimise the damage the state must take a less central role. It was thought that the state should refrain from interfering in economic processes such as income policies, laws regarding minimum wage and employment protection legislation, w hich in turn would decrease the role of trade unions in economic and political life. This forms the foundation for a legal background which enables individual freedom along with economic prosperity, and has been of great influence in economic, political and social welfare. The economic policy of laissez-faire was an attitude in which the government refused to interfere. This eventually began to give way to a new collective ideal called new-liberalism, which imagined the state playing a positive in the enhancement of social problems. New liberalism led to a transformation in the nature of and relations between the state and the market. Explain the parliamentary policy-making process. Within the parameters of British state, the central state may be considered to be crucial as it is where many decisions are made. Constitutionally Britain operates a tripartite division of powers between the legislature, the judiciary and the executive. Crucial to this is the role of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, which are pivotal in the making of policy. The job of the legislature is to debate and consider the introduction of new laws. Members of parliament exercise the power through the system of Parliamentary committees, where they are able to question Ministers and senior Civil Servants. New legislation passes through the laborious process of First, Second and Third Readings in the House of Commons, interspersed with detailed discussion of a Bill’s content at the Committee stage. A Bill will then receive consideration from the House of Lords, and during this process the MP’s and Lords from the government and the opposition have the opportunity to question and debate the principles and provisions of new legislation, and to suggest amendments. Finally a Bill receives Royal Assent and passes into law as an Act of Parliament. Detail the New Right critique of the welfare state. During the 1970’s both the Conservative and Labour Party attempted to halt the apparent economic decline, yet neither were successful. Both parties experiences an increase of radical activity in the far wings of the party. The ‘New Right’ formed as a branch of the Conservative Party, campaigning for a break from the previous reliance on Keynesianism as part of economic and social policy.From 1979-1997, Britain was governed by a Conservative Party that was under Thatcher’s leadership and was inspired by the New Right, and was rooted in economic liberalism combined with social conservatism. According to the work of the theorist Friedman Britain began to build up a neo-liberal analysis of state welfare during this time. His main argument was that public expenditure was being driven up by the increase of state intervention within welfare services. This interfered with the operation of the market economy. The New Right arguing that free welfare services only encouraged useless people to become dependent upon benefits and provided no incentive for families to protect themselves and their welfares through savings. The Conservatives tried to shift the costs of welfare through changes in taxation and the benefits system, burdening the poor and disadvantaged, and this served only to increase the amount of citizens who were in need of state support. This was further intensified by policies that sought to achieve wage discipline through mass unemployment. Neo-liberals wanted to roll back the state and reduce the role of the government, with the aim to restoring Britain’s international competitiveness. Welfare benefits were seen as detrimental to labour market flexibility, as they kept up wages. Bibliography Alcock, C, Payne,S, Sullivan, M, 2004, Introducing Social Policy, Essex, Pearson. Baldock, N, et al, 2012, Social Policy, 4edt, Oxford, Oxford University Express. Loney, M, Boswell, D, Clarke,J, 1988, Social Policy & Social Welfare, Milton Keynes, Open University.

A poultry firm and concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1621 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Cost can be defined as the amount of resources, usually measures in monetary terms, sacrificed to achieve particular objective (McLaney Atrill, 2008:281). This report will consider a specific poultry firm to analyse the concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets and provide implementation details and recommendations based on the analysis. The analysis, implementation and recommendations of costing and budgeting would be done on the basis of the learning in this course and my previous work experience. Costing There are different types of costs associated with a manufacturing firm. Fixed cost is the company spending which is autonomous on the amount of operations. Variable cost changes according to the capacity of production. Moreover, product cost is the cost involved in producing or purchasing a product. Period cost is non- manufacturing cost which is not included in the cost of purchase or production. Furthermore, traditional cost accounting has been one main, widely-used approach to costing both internally and externally. This general ledger (GL) system performs as the firms indicator measuring the healthiness and prosperity of the whole company. The conventional GL methodology can only recapitulate the firms everyday expenditure as per the individual account details (for example labor, material) (Narong 2009).Any expenditure and overheads are not linked to any exact activity or procedures. This shows that the firm lacks the aptitude to assess the inner competence, excellence and prosperity per product. Activity based costing (ABC) is the appropriate entirety value management solution that can increase these deficiencies. The activity based costing approach records, recapitulate and hearsays the expenses into the costs of behavior or procedure and ultimately related to each manufactured goods and clients. Unlike traditional accounting reports that make managers react to by being happy or sad, activity based costing data makes them smarter (Narong 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A poultry firm and concepts of costing, budgeting, budgetary targets" essay for you Create order Overview of the firm KPC farm is a hen and egg production firm. The fixed costs for KPC farm are rent, insurance, interest, real-estate taxes, wage and salaries and maintenance costs. The variable costs for KPC farm are labor, electricity, transportation. Furthermore, vaccination, food, crops cost, direct labour (assembly line workers), manufacturing overhead (indirect material and indirect labour, depreciation on plant and machinery, and utilities) are the product costs at KPC farm. Marketing costs (depreciation of delivery van, advertisement, sales commission and cold storage) and administrative costs (depreciation of land and building, management costs like salaries and travel) are period costs. Capital Investment Cost Straight line Depreciation (Yrs) Land  £ 450,000.00 N.a No salvage value Buildings  £ 200,000.00 25 No salvage value Equipment  £ 100,000.00 12 No salvage value Farm machinery  £ 13,000.00 10 10% salvage value Car  £ 4,000.00 5 7% salvage value Total Investment cost  £ Working Capital Hens No of hens x price per bird Vaccination No of hens x vaccination cost Food Price of food for first three months Crops cost Production costs per bale x no of bales produced Capital Value Weight Equity @ 18%  £ 357,000.00 Debt @12.5% (interest included in total)  £ 467,320.00 Total Capital  £ Bank Loan Agreement to be repaid over 5 yrs Yr 1  £75,000 Yr 2  £75,000 Yr 3  £100,000 Yr 4  £100,000 Yr 5  £117,320 New car cash purchase in Yr 5  £ 20,000.00 Depreciate over 10 years Planning cost  £ 5,000.00 Operating cost No of hens 9000 Cost per hen  £ 3.00 Weekly food consumption per 1000 hens 0.167 Per KG Price per KG  £ 0.28  £ 0.36 Vaccination per hen  £ 1.00 Salaries and wages Farm manager  £ 500.00 Per week Casual labour  £ 60.00 Per week Insurance  £ 3,000.00 Per Year Utilities  £ 350.00 Per month Fuel  £ 200.00 Per month Hen waste removal  £ 1,600.00 Per year Technical Information Life cycle of Hen 52 Weeks No. Of Acres 25 Production capacity first 6 weeks 75% 4.5 Effective from week 7 to week 52 90% 41.4 Average weight effective rate 88% Mortality rate 2.5% Daily Egg production per hen 1 Resale price per hen in 52 weeks  £ 0.50 Note: The effective rate takes in consideration waste and damage Extra revenues items: Revenue from cropping the land 1 crop per year (Silage) 12 Bales per acre Production cost per bale  £ 10.00 Selling price per bale  £ 22.00 Note: The government has an ambitious plans to shift from battery based egg farms to free range egg farms in 4 years time, this means that the growth rate in price will begin to decline by 4% from year 5 onwards. Price per dozen Growth rate 2% per yr  £1.15 Tax Rate 35% Inflation rate to be applied to costs and revenues excluding egg prices 3% Design of appropriate costing system for KPC farm The ABC systems focus on the accurate cost assignment of overheads to products. In the cost assignment view, the assignment of costs through ABC occurs in two stages: cost objects (i.e., products or services) consume activities, activities consume resource costs. In practice, this means that resource costs are assigned to various activity centers by using resource drivers in the first stage. An activity center is composed of a group of related activities, usually defined by function or process. The group of resource drivers is the factor chosen to estimate the consumption of resources by the activities in the activity centers. Every type of resource assigned to an activity center becomes a cost element in an activity cost pool. And, in the second stage, each activity cost is distributed to cost objects by using a suitable activity driver to measure the consumption of activities by products or services (Turney, 1992). Then, the total cost can be calculated by adding the various acti vities costs to a specific product or service. And the total cost divided by the quantity of the product can acquire the unit cost of product. In our case, the inn provides three products, lodging, hot spring use and meal serving. We define five activity centers, namely the cleaning center, the customer service center, the reception center, the cooking and foodservice center and the management center. Each activity center is composed of related activities, clustered by their function. activity based costing. Figure 1 shows the proposed costing system for optimal performance of KPC farm. Adapted from Tsai and Hsu 2008 Budgeting The simplified Original and flexed budget for KPC farm are as follows, Original Budget Flexed Budget Egg Hen Egg Hen Output units 230000 8000 241637 8775 Sales Revenue 253000 4000 265800 4387.5 Raw material 59000 1000 61985 1096 Labour 27000 1000 28366 1096 Fixed Overheads 8000 600 8404 658 Operating Profit 159000 1400 167045 1537.5 Actual Sales Quantity Price Eggs Unit sold (dozen) 241637  £ 1.15  £ 277,882.57 Hens Unit 8775  £ 0.50  £ 4,387.50 Total  £ 282,270.07 Crops per bale 300  £ 22.00  £ 6,600.00 Total sales  £ 288,870.07 Growth rate of egg price 2% Declining rate 4% Revenue Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Revenues from eggs  £ 277,882.57  £ 283,440.22  £ 289,109.03  £ 294,891.21  £ 283,095.56  £ 271,771.74  £ 277,882.57 Revenues from hens  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50  £ 4,387.50 Revenues from crops  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00  £ 6,600.00 Total revenues  £ 288,870.07  £ 294,427.72  £ 300,096.53  £ 305,878.71  £ 294,083.06  £ 282,759.24  £ 288,870.07 COGS Hens  £ 27,000.00  £ 27,810.00  £ 28,644.30  £ 29,503.63  £ 30,388.74  £ 31,300.40  £ 32,239.41 Vaccination  £ 9,000.00  £ 9,270.00  £ 9,548.10  £ 9,834.54  £ 10,129.58  £ 10,433.47  £ 10,746.47 Food  £ 21,840.0  £ 22,495.2  £ 23,170.1  £ 23,865.2  £ 24,581.1  £ 25,318.5  £ 26,078.1 Hen waste removal  £ 1,600.00  £ 1,648.00  £ 1,697.44  £ 1,748.36  £ 1,800.81  £ 1,854.84  £ 1,910.48 Crops cost  £ 3,000.00  £ 3,090.00  £ 3,182.70  £ 3,278.18  £ 3,376.53  £ 3,477.82  £ 3,582.16 Total COGS  £ 62,440.0  £ 64,313.2  £ 66,242.6  £ 68,229.9  £ 70,276.8  £ 72,385.1  £ 74,556.6 Gross Profit  £ 226,430.1  £ 230,114.5  £ 233,853.9  £ 237,648.8  £ 223,806.3  £ 210,374.2  £ 214,313.4 Gross Profit Margine 78.4% 78.2% 77.9% 77.7% 76.1% 74.4% 74.2% GAdmin Salaries and wages  £29,120.0  £ 29,993.60  £ 30,893.41  £ 31,820.21  £ 32,774.82  £ 33,758.06  £ 34,770.80 Insurance  £ 3,000.00  £ 3,090.00  £ 3,182.70  £ 3,278.18  £ 3,376.53  £ 3,477.82  £ 3,582.16 Utilities  £ 4,200.00  £ 4,326.00  £ 4,455.78  £ 4,589.45  £ 4,727.14  £ 4,868.95  £ 5,015.02 Fuel  £ 2,400.00  £ 2,472.00  £ 2,546.16  £ 2,622.54  £ 2,701.22  £ 2,782.26  £ 2,865.73 Others  £ 5,000.00 Total GAdmin  £43,720.0  £39,881.6  £41,078.0  £42,310.4  £43,579.7  £44,887.1  £46,233.7 Operating Profit  £ 182,710.07  £ 190,232.92  £ 192,775.88  £ 195,338.45  £ 180,226.59  £ 165,487.07  £ 168,079.74 % of OP 63.25% 64.61% 64.24% 63.86% 61.28% 58.53% 58.19% Analysis on activity based costing and budgeting and evaluation of corrective action According to the survey by Stratton et.al (2009), managers consider that precise overhead allotment and action price data is missing in non- activity based costing methods, while activity based costing methods deal with these requirements. activity based costing methods improve top management anxiety regarding the accuracy of cost allocations, the cause-effect rapport between share and capital consumption, the relevance of cost/profit in sequence, and the ability to inform the arrangements. The considerable gap between present usage charges of activity based costing methods and their attractiveness in perfect systems may foretell amplified usage. Specifically, activity based costing methods provide greater hold up for financial, operational, and strategic decisions. activity based costing methods are better integrated into budget and planning processes. activity based costing methods support strategic product/customer emphasis verdict better than non- activity based costing meth ods. Thus activity based costing methods do indeed provide significant value to managers and the use of activity based costing provides companies with superior cost and profitability measurement systems (Stratton et.al 2009). This analysis clearly shows that the optimal method for KPC farm in costing is ABC and the flexible budgeting and variance analysis also will be effective by preparing in the ABC environment. The existing ABC literature has emphasized the difference in assignment of overhead under ABC and traditional costing for product costing purposes, and that product costs calculated under ABC provide a better basis for making pricing decisions (Mak and Roush 1998). Furthermore effective costing and budgeting in KPC farm could be possible by controlling the factors price variance, efficiency variance, budget variance and capacity variance. The variable activity cost could be controlled by analysing the price variance from the actual costs and flexible budget (actual quan tity) and analysing efficiency variance from flexible budget (standard quantity) and flexible budget (actual quantity). The variable fixed activity cost could be controlled by analysing the budget variance from the actual costs and budgeted activity spending and analysing capacity variance from budgeted activity usage and budgeted activity spending. Conclusion Over the past several years, consultants and practitioners have observed that activity based costing methods, which were developed to improve decision support and the accuracy of cost-and profit-measurement systems, are not yielding the desired results. The benefits of activity based costing include its use in making product decisions, such as pricing, design, and outsourcing. activity based costing is also useful for budgeting, performance evaluation, and planning. Customisation in the approach of ABC method and budgeting based on the firms nature could yield more positive results for the firms. References McLaney, E., and Atrill, P. 2008. Accounting an Introduction. FT Prentice Hall. Narong D. Activity-Based Costing and Management Solutions to Traditional Shortcomings of Cost Accounting. Cost Engineering [serial online]. August 2009;51(8):11-22. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. STRATTON W, DESROCHES D, LAWSON R, HATCH T. Activity-Based Costing: Is It Still Relevant?. Management Accounting Quarterly [serial online]. Spring2009 2009;10(3):31-40. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Wen-Hsien Tsai, Jui-Ling Hsu Activity-Based Costing: a Case Study on a Taiwanese Hot Spring Country Inns Cost Calculations. 2008 Cokins G. Repairing the Budgeting Process. Financial Executive [serial online]. December 2008;24(10):45-49. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Mak Y, Roush M. Flexible Budgeting and Variance Analysis in an Activity-Based Costin g Environment. Accounting Horizons [serial online]. June 1994;8(2):93-103. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 28, 2010. Gary Cokins 2008 Repairing the budgeting process